Hoxha taught French and morals in the Korça Liceum from 1937 to 1939 and also served as the caretaker of the school library. After returning to Albania, he worked as a contract teacher in the Gymnasium of Tirana. įrom 1935 to 1936, he was employed as a secretary at the Albanian consulate in Brussels. He later went to Paris, where he presented himself to anti-Zogist immigrants as the brother-in-law of Bahri Omari. In 1930, Hoxha went to study at the University of Montpellier in France on a state scholarship for the faculty of natural science, but lost the scholarship for neglecting his studies. After the lyceum was closed, due to intervention of Ekrem Libohova, Hoxha was awarded a state scholarship for the continuation of his studies in Korçë, at the French language Albanian National Lyceum until 1930. He started his studies at the Gjirokastër Lyceum in 1923. Īfter elementary school, he followed his studies in the city senior high school "Liria". ![]() The Hoxha family was attached to the Shia Islamic order ( tariqa) of Bektashism. ![]() He was named after Enver Pasha, a leading figure of the Young Turk Revolution. Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër in southern Albania (then a part of the Ottoman Empire) in October 1908, the son of Halil Hoxha, a Muslim cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe and the United States, and Gjylihan Hoxha ( née Çuçi). The original home was lost to a fire in the 1960s. The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organisations (Unity & Struggle) is the best-known association of these parties.Įarly life The site of the house where Hoxha grew up in Gjirokastër. After his break with Maoism in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties around the world declared themselves Hoxhaist. Hoxha's government was characterised by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism from the mid/late-1960s onwards. Hoxha was succeeded by Ramiz Alia, who oversaw the fall of communism in Albania. His government imprisoned, executed, or exiled thousands of landowners, rural clan leaders, peasants who resisted collectivization, and allegedly disloyal party officials. His government outlawed traveling abroad and private proprietorship. To implement his radical program, Hoxha used totalitarian methods of governance. The later years of his reign saw stagnation owing to his political breaks with the Soviet Union and China. ![]() His government rebuilt the country, which was left in ruins after World War II, building Albania's first railway line, raising the adult literacy rate from 5–15% to more than 90%, wiping out epidemics, electrifying the country and leading Albania towards agricultural independence. As a Stalinist, he implemented state atheism and ordered anti-religious persecution against Muslims and Christians. ![]() Less than two years after the liberation of the country, the monarchy of King Zog I was formally abolished, and Hoxha became the country's de facto head of state.Īdopting Stalinism, Hoxha converted Albania into a one-party communist state. He was elected First Secretary in March 1943 at the age of 34. Following the Italian invasion of Albania, he joined the Party of Labour of Albania at its creation in 1941 in the Soviet Union. Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër in 1908 and became a grammar school teacher in 1936. He was the twenty-second prime minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954 and at various times was both foreign minister and defence minister of the country. He was the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 until his death, a member of its Politburo, chairman of the Democratic Front of Albania, and commander-in-chief of the Albanian People's Army. Enver Hoxha ( Albanian: ⓘ 16 October 1908 – 11 April 1985) was an Albanian politician who was the ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985.
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